Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in Men: Risks, Symptoms, and Prevention

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) globally. While much attention has been given to HPV’s impact on women, particularly due to its link to cervical cancer, HPV also significantly affects men. This article explores the implications of HPV in men, including its risks, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

What is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?

HPV is a group of more than 200 related viruses. Some types of HPV cause benign conditions, such as warts on different parts of the body, while others can lead to various cancers. HPV is primarily spread through intimate skin-to-skin contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex.

Types of HPV and Their Impact on Men

Low-Risk HPV

Low-risk HPV types, such as HPV-6 and HPV-11, can cause:

• Genital Warts: Soft growths on the genitals, perianal region, and sometimes the mouth or throat.
• Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP): A rare condition where warts grow in the throat.

High-Risk HPV

High-risk HPV types, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, are associated with several cancers in men:

• Penile Cancer: Though rare, HPV can cause cancer of the penis.
• Anal Cancer: Men who have sex with men (MSM) and HIV-positive individuals are at higher risk.
• Oropharyngeal Cancer: Cancers of the back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils, are increasingly linked to HPV.

Symptoms of HPV in Men

HPV often does not show symptoms, which means many men carry and transmit the virus without knowing it. When symptoms do appear, they can include:

• Genital Warts: Small, flesh-coloured or grey growths in the genital area.
• Respiratory Issues: Difficulty breathing or a hoarse voice if RRP is present.
• Unusual Lumps or Sores: Persistent lumps or sores on the penis, anus, or mouth may indicate cancer.

Diagnosing HPV in Men

There is no standard HPV test for men. Diagnosis typically involves:

• Visual Inspection: Doctors can diagnose genital warts through visual examination.
• Biopsy: A biopsy may be performed to check for cancerous cells in cases of unusual growths.
• Anal Pap Tests: MSM and HIV-positive men may undergo anal Pap tests to detect anal cancer early.

Treatment of HPV in Men

While there is no cure for the virus itself, the conditions it causes can be managed:

• Genital Warts: Treatments include prescription creams, cryotherapy (freezing off warts), surgical removal, and laser treatments.
• Cancers: Treatment depends on the cancer type and stage and may include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.
• Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP): Surgical procedures to remove warts and improve breathing are the main treatments.

Preventing HPV in Men

Prevention is key in managing HPV risks:

• HPV Vaccination: The HPV vaccine is recommended for boys and men up to age 26 and sometimes older. It protects against the most common cancer-causing and wart-causing types of HPV.
• Condom Use: While condoms do not provide complete protection against HPV, they significantly reduce the risk.
• Regular Screening: MSM and HIV-positive men should have regular screenings for anal cancer.
• Limiting the Number of Sexual Partners: Reducing the number of sexual partners can lower the risk of HPV transmission.

Importance of Awareness and Education

Increasing awareness about HPV in men is crucial. Men should be informed about the potential health risks, the importance of vaccination, and preventive measures. Education can lead to early detection, timely treatment, and reduced transmission of HPV.

Conclusion

HPV is a significant health concern for men, with the potential to cause various cancers and genital warts. Understanding the risks, symptoms, and preventive strategies is essential for maintaining health and reducing the spread of the virus. Men are encouraged to discuss HPV vaccination with their healthcare providers and to practice safe sexual behaviours to protect themselves and their partners.

Men should consult their healthcare providers or visit trusted health resources for more detailed information. Early intervention and preventive measures can significantly impact long-term health outcomes.